doc: add org-mode documentation for user tools
* doc/org/.gitignore, doc/org/genltl.org, doc/org/ioltl.org, doc/org/ltl2tgba.org, doc/org/ltl2tgta.org, doc/org/ltlcross.org, doc/org/ltlfilt.org, doc/org/randltl.org, doc/org/tools.org: New files.
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Alexandre Duret-Lutz
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doc/org/ltlfilt.org
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doc/org/ltlfilt.org
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#+TITLE: =ltlfilt=
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#+EMAIL spot@lrde.epita.fr
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#+OPTIONS: H:2 num:nil toc:t
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#+LINK_UP: file:tools.html
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This tool is a filter for LTL formulas. (It will also work with PSL
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formulas.) It can be used to perform a number of tasks. Essentially:
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- converting formulas from one syntax to another,
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- transforming formulas,
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- selecting formulas matching some criterion.
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* Changing syntaxes
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Because it read and write formulas, =ltlfilt= accepts
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all the [[file:ioltl.org][common input and output options]].
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Additionally, if no =-f= or =-F= option is specified, =ltlfilt=
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will read formulas from the standard input.
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For instance the following will convert two LTL formulas expressed
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using infix notation (with different names supported for the same
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operators) and convert it into LBT's syntax.
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#+BEGIN_SRC sh :results verbatim :exports results
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ltlfilt -l -f 'p1 U (p2 & GFp3)' -f 'X<>[]p4'
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#+END_SRC
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#+RESULTS:
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: U p1 & p2 G F p3
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: X F G p4
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Conversely, here is how to rewrite formulas expressed using the
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LBT's Polish notation. Let's take the following four formulas
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taken from examples distributed with =scheck=:
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#+BEGIN_SRC sh :results verbatim :exports both
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cat >scheck.ltl<<EOF
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! | G p0 & G p1 F p3
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| | X p7 F p6 & | | t p3 p7 U | f p3 p3
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& U & X p0 X p4 F p1 X X U X F p5 U p0 X X p3
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U p0 & | p0 p5 p1
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EOF
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#+END_SRC
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#+RESULTS:
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These can be turned into something easier to read (to the human) with:
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#+BEGIN_SRC sh :results verbatim :exports both
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ltlfilt --lbt-input -F scheck.ltl
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#+END_SRC
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#+RESULTS:
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: !(Gp0 | (Gp1 & Fp3))
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: Xp7 | Fp6 | p3
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: ((Xp0 & Xp4) U Fp1) & XX(XFp5 U (p0 U XXp3))
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: p0 U ((p0 | p5) & p1)
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* Altering the formula
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As with [[file:randltl.org][=randltl=]], the =-r= option can be used to simplify formulas.
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#+BEGIN_SRC sh :results verbatim :exports both
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ltlfilt --lbt-input -F scheck.ltl -r
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#+END_SRC
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#+RESULTS:
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: F!p0 & (F!p1 | G!p3)
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: p3 | Xp7 | Fp6
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: Fp1 & XX(XFp5 U (p0 U XXp3))
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: p0 U (p1 & (p0 | p5))
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You may notice that operands of n-ary operators such as =&= or =|= can
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be reordered by =ltlfilt= even when the formula is not changed
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otherwise. This is because Spot internally order all operands of
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commutative and associative operators, and that this order depends on
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the order in which the subformulas are first encountered. Adding
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transformation options such as =-r= may alter this order. However
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this difference is semantically insignificant.
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Formulas can be easily negated using the =-n= option, rewritten into
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negative normal form using the =--nnf= option, and the =W= and =M=
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operators can be rewritten using =U= and =R= using the =--remove-wm=
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option (note that this is already done when a formula is output in
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Spin's syntax).
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Another way to alter formula is to rename the atomic propositions it
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uses. The =--relabel=abc= will relabel all atomic propositions using
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letters of the alphabet, while =--relabel=pnn= will use =p0=, =p1=,
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etc. as in LBT's syntax.
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#+BEGIN_SRC sh :results verbatim :exports both
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ltlfilt --lbt-input -F scheck.ltl -r --relabel=abc
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#+END_SRC
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#+RESULTS:
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: F!a & (F!b | G!c)
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: a | Xb | Fc
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: Fa & XX(XFb U (c U XXd))
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: a U (b & (a | c))
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Note that the relabeling is reset between each formula: =p3= became
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=c= in the first formula, but it became =d= in the third.
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Another use of relabeling is to get rid of complex atomic propositions
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such as the one shown when [[file:ioltl.org][presenting lenient mode]]:
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#+BEGIN_SRC sh :results verbatim :exports both
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ltlfilt --lenient --relabel=pnn -f '(a < b) U (process[2]@ok)'
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#+END_SRC
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#+RESULTS:
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: p0 U p1
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* Filtering
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=ltlfilt= supports many ways to filter formulas:
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#+BEGIN_SRC sh :results verbatim :exports results
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ltlfilt --help | sed -n '/Filtering options.*:/,/^$/p' | sed '1d;$d'
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#+END_SRC
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#+RESULTS:
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#+begin_example
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--boolean match Boolean formulas
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--bsize-max=INT match formulas with Boolean size <= INT
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--bsize-min=INT match formulas with Boolean size >= INT
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--equivalent-to=FORMULA match formulas equivalent to FORMULA
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--eventual match pure eventualities
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--guarantee match guarantee formulas (even pathological)
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--implied-by=FORMULA match formulas implied by FORMULA
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--imply=FORMULA match formulas implying FORMULA
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--ltl match only LTL formulas (no PSL operator)
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--nox match X-free formulas
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--obligation match obligation formulas (even pathological)
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--safety match safety formulas (even pathological)
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--size-max=INT match formulas with size <= INT
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--size-min=INT match formulas with size >= INT
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--syntactic-guarantee match syntactic-guarantee formulas
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--syntactic-obligation match syntactic-obligation formulas
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--syntactic-persistence match syntactic-persistence formulas
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--syntactic-recurrence match syntactic-recurrence formulas
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--syntactic-safety match syntactic-safety formulas
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--universal match purely universal formulas
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-u, --unique drop formulas that have already been output (not
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affected by -v)
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-v, --invert-match select non-matching formulas
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#+end_example
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Most of the above options should be self-explanatory. For instance
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the following command will extract all formulas from =scheck.ltl=
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which do not represent guarantee properties.
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#+BEGIN_SRC sh :results verbatim :exports both
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ltlfilt --lbt-input -F scheck.ltl -v --guarantee
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#+END_SRC
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#+RESULTS:
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: !(Gp0 | (Gp1 & Fp3))
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Combining =ltlfilt= with [[file:randltl.org][=randltl=]] makes it easier to generate random
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formulas that respect certain constraints. For instance let us
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generate 10 formulas that are equivalent to =a U b=:
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#+BEGIN_SRC sh :results verbatim :exports both
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randltl -n -1 a b | ltlfilt --equivalent-to 'a U b' | head -n 10
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#+END_SRC
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#+RESULTS:
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#+begin_example
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!(!a R !b)
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(!Gb -> a) U b
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a U b
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Fb & (a W b)
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((a <-> !(a | b)) W a) U ((!b M b) U b)
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(b <-> (Xb M a)) -> b
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(a | b) U b
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((!b U b) -> (a W b)) U b
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(a xor b) U b
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b R (Fb & (a U (a W b)))
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#+end_example
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The =-n -1= option to =randltl= will cause it to output an infinite
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stream of random formulas. =ltlfilt=, which reads its standard input
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by default, will select only those equivalent to =a U b=. The output
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of =ltlfilt= would still be an infinite stream of random formulas, so
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we display only the first 10 using the standard =head= utility. Less
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trivial formulas could be obtained by adding the =-r= option to
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=randltl= (or equivalently adding the =-r= and =-u= option to
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=ltlfilt=).
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Another similar example, that requires two calls to =ltlfilt=, is the
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generation of random pathological safety formulas. Pathological
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safety formulas are safety formulas that do not /look/ so
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syntactically. We can generate some starting again with =randltl=,
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then ignoring all syntactic safety formulas, and keeping only the
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safety formulas in the remaining list.
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#+BEGIN_SRC sh :results verbatim :exports both
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randltl -r -n -1 a b | ltlfilt -v --syntactic-safety | ltlfilt --safety | head -n 10
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#+END_SRC
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#+RESULTS:
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#+begin_example
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(!a & Fa) R Xa
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!a | (a & b) | (((!a & b) | (a & !b)) M (!a M X!a))
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G(!a M Xa)
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G((G!b & !a) | (a & Fb)) R a
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G!a M !a
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G(!a M ((!b & XGb) | (b & XF!b)))
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F(b | G!b)
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F(Xa | G!a)
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G(XXa | (b & F!a))
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G((!a & (!a M !b)) | (a & (a W b)))
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#+end_example
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=ltlfilt='s filtering ability can also be used to answer questions
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about a single formula. For instance is =a U (b U a)= equivalent to
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=b U a=?
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#+BEGIN_SRC sh :results verbatim :exports both
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ltlfilt -f 'a U (b U a)' --equivalent-to 'b U a'
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#+END_SRC
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#+RESULTS:
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: a U (b U a)
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The commands prints the formula and returns an exit status of 0 if the
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two formulas are equivalent. It would print nothing and set the exit
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status to 1, were the two formulas not equivalent.
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# Local variables:
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# eval: (setenv "PATH" (concat "../../src/bin" path-separator (getenv "PATH")))
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# eval: (org-babel-do-load-languages 'org-babel-load-languages '((sh . t) (dot . t)))
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# eval: (setq org-confirm-babel-evaluate nil)
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# End:
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# LocalWords: ltlfilt num toc LTL PSL syntaxes LBT's SRC GFp scheck
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# LocalWords: ltl EOF lbt Gp Fp Xp XFp XXp randltl ary nnf wm abc
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# LocalWords: pnn Xb Fc XFb XXd sed boolean bsize nox Gb Fb Xa XGb
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# LocalWords: XF XXa
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